A Critical Look at Cryptogovernance of the Real World: Challenges for Spatial Representation and Uncertainty on the Blockchain (Short Paper)

Innovation in distributed ledger technologies-blockchains and smart contracts-has been lauded as a game-changer for environmental governance and transparency. Here we critically consider how problems related to spatial representation and uncertainty complicate the picture, focusing on two cases. The first regards the impact of uncertainty on the transfer of spatial assets, and the second regards its impact on smart contract code that relies on software oracles that report sensor measurements of the physical world. Cryptogovernance of the environment will require substantial research on both these fronts if it is to become a reality

Multi-island finite automata and their even computation

summary:This paper discusses $n$-island finite automata whose transition graphs can be expressed as $n$-member sequences of islands $i_1, i_2, \dots , i_n$, where there is a bridge leaving $i_j$ and entering $i_{j+1}$ for each $1 \leq j \leq n - 1$. It concentrates its attention on even computation defined as any sequence of moves during which these automata make the same number of moves in each of the islands. Under the assumption that these automata work only in an evenly computational way, the paper proves its main result stating that $n$-island finite automata and Rosebrugh-Wood $n$-parallel right-linear grammars are equivalent. Then, making use of this main result, it demonstrates that under this assumption, the language family defined by $n$-island finite automata is properly contained in that defined by $(n+1)$-island finite automata for all $n \geq 1$. The paper also points out that this infinite hierarchy occurs between the family of regular languages and that of context-sensitive languages. Open questions are formulated in the conclusion

Regulated Grammar Systems

Práce poskytuje přehled základů teorie formálních jazyků, regulovaných gramatik a analýzy LL(1) jazyků. Je zde navržen a analyzován algoritmus pro analýzu programovaných gramatik, inspirován LL(1) analyzátorem. Třída jazyků přijímaná tímto algoritmem je striktní nadtřídou LL(1) jazyků, obsahující některé jazyky, které nejsou bezkontextové. Tato třída se však jeví být neporovnatelná s třídou bezkontextových jazyků.This thesis recaps a basic theory of formal languages, regulated grammars, and the parsing of LL(1) languages. An algorithm for parsing programmed grammars inspired by LL(1) parsing is suggested and analyzed. The class of languages accepted by this algorithm is shown to be a strict superclass of LL(1) languages, containing some non-context-free languages. However, this class appears to be incomparable with the class of context-free languages.

Discovery of topological constraints on spatial object classes using a refined topological model

In a typical data collection process, a surveyed spatial object is annotated upon creation, and is classified based on its attributes. This annotation can also be guided by textual definitions of objects. However, interpretations of such definitions may differ among people, and thus result in subjective and inconsistent classification of objects. This problem becomes even more pronounced if the cultural and linguistic differences are considered. As a solution, this paper investigates the role of topology as the defining characteristic of a class of spatial objects. We propose a data mining approach based on frequent itemset mining to learn patterns in topological relations between objects of a given class and other spatial objects. In order to capture topological relations between more than two (linear) objects, this paper further proposes a refinement of the 9-intersection model for topological relations of line geometries. The discovered topological relations form topological constraints of an object class that can be used for spatial object classification. A case study has been carried out on bridges in the OpenStreetMap dataset for the state of Victoria, Australia. The results show that the proposed approach can successfully learn topological constraints for the class bridge, and that the proposed refined topological model for line geometries outperforms the 9-intersection model in this task

137Cs monitoring in the meat of wild boar population in Slovakia

Currently, due to the elapsed time and the nature of the Chernobyl accident, the only artificial radionuclide present in the soil is 137Cs, with a physical half-life conversion of 30.17 years. The 137Cs is quickly integrated into a biological cycle, similar to potassium. Generally, radionuclides are characterized by their mobility in soil. Contamination of materials and food by radionuclides represent a serious problem and has a negative impact on human health. The threat of international terrorism and the inability to forestall the impact of natural disasters on nuclear energetic (Fukushima accident), are also reasons for continuous monitoring of food safety. According screening measurement performed in European countries, high radioactivity levels were reported in the wild boars muscles from Sumava (Czech Republic). Seasonal fluctuation of 137Cs activity in the wild boar meat samples was observed in the forests on the southern Rhineland. Monitoring of 137Cs activity in the wild boar meat samples in the hunting grounds in Slovakia was initiated based on the reports on exceeding limits of the content of radiocaesium in the meat of wild boar from the surrounding countries. The aim of this study was to determine the 137Cs post Chernobyl contamination of wild boars population in different hunting districts of Slovakia during 2013 - 2014. A total of 60 thigh muscle samples from wild boars of different age categories (4 months - 2 years) were evaluated. 137Cs activity was measured by gamma spectrometry (Canberra). Despite the fact Slovakia is closer to Chernobyl as Czech Republic and Germany, the 137Cs activity measured was very low and far below the permitted limit. The highest radiocaesium activity level measured in muscle was 37.2 Bq.kg-1 ±4.7%. Wild boar originated from Zlate Moravce district. The measurement results show, that 137Cs contamination levels of game in Slovakia are low. Radiocaesium activity in examined samples was very low and therefore consumption of wild boar meat does not represent a health risk problem

Metropolitan Segment Traffic Speeds from Massive Floating Car Data in 10 Cities

Traffic analysis is crucial for urban operations and planning, while the availability of dense urban traffic data beyond loop detectors is still scarce. We present a large-scale floating vehicle dataset of per-street segment traffic information, Metropolitan Segment Traffic Speeds from Massive Floating Car Data in 10 Cities (MeTS-10), available for 10 global cities with a 15-minute resolution for collection periods ranging between 108 and 361 days in 2019-2021 and covering more than 1500 square kilometers per metropolitan area. MeTS-10 features traffic speed information at all street levels from main arterials to local streets for Antwerp, Bangkok, Barcelona, Berlin, Chicago, Istanbul, London, Madrid, Melbourne and Moscow. The dataset leverages the industrial-scale floating vehicle Traffic4cast data with speeds and vehicle counts provided in a privacy-preserving spatio-temporal aggregation. We detail the efficient matching approach mapping the data to the OpenStreetMap road graph. We evaluate the dataset by comparing it with publicly available stationary vehicle detector data (for Berlin, London, and Madrid) and the Uber traffic speed dataset (for Barcelona, Berlin, and London). The comparison highlights the differences across datasets in spatio-temporal coverage and variations in the reported traffic caused by the binning method. MeTS-10 enables novel, city-wide analysis of mobility and traffic patterns for ten major world cities, overcoming current limitations of spatially sparse vehicle detector data. The large spatial and temporal coverage offers an opportunity for joining the MeTS-10 with other datasets, such as traffic surveys in traffic planning studies or vehicle detector data in traffic control settings.Comment: Accepted by IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (T-ITS), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2023.329173